But what is the origin of adhesion between these particles? Previous studies suggest that spatial organization of multivalent ions can lead to attraction between highly charged surfaces, but the role of the solvent is largely overlooked. During setting, the precipitation and non-equilibrium aggregation of charged particles into a percolating, porous network is responsible for the overall mechanical properties. However, any modification of cement is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the setting process due to its complexity at the nano- and meso-scales. ![]() ![]() Reducing the environmental impact of cement production is central to reducing greenhouse gas emissions of the construction industry.
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